{"id":57134,"date":"2015-09-15T22:20:07","date_gmt":"2015-09-15T15:20:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/base-currency\/"},"modified":"2025-03-20T13:20:37","modified_gmt":"2025-03-20T06:20:37","slug":"base-currency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/base-currency\/","title":{"rendered":"Change of Functional Currency Due to the Rupiahization of Domestic Transactions in Indonesia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>When revaluing foreign exchange for receivables and payables at month-end, if the gain or loss compared to the previous month\u2019s assets is significant, the separation method updates the invoice price to the latest valuation amount. If the gain or loss compared to the acquisition cost is significant, the reversal method reverses the valuation to the acquisition cost at the beginning of the following month.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/accounting-system-indonesia\/\" class=\"st-cardlink\" aria-label=\"Accounting System in Indonesia\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kanren st-cardbox\" >\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<dl class=\"clearfix\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<dt class=\"st-card-img\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1-13-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-st_thumb150 size-st_thumb150 wp-post-image\" alt=\"\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30cd\u30b7\u30a2\u306e\u52b4\u52d9\u3068\u6cd5\u5f8b\u307e\u3068\u3081\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1-13-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1-13-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/dt>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<dd>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"st-cardbox-t\">Accounting System in Indonesia<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"st-card-excerpt smanone\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The cloudification of accounting systems is advancing in Indonesia, with the three major local cloud systemsAccurate, Zahir, and Jurnalleading the market. However, in reality, it is said that fewer than 8% of domestic companies have implemented accounting systems. This is why new cloud-based accounting systems continue to be launched in what might seem like an already saturated Indonesian market. It suggests that both domestic and international IT startups see significant potential for cloud accounting systems to expand their market share locally. In Indonesia, automated journal entries due to the widespread use of accounting systems have become commonplace, and over the &#8230; <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"cardbox-more\">\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u898b\u308b<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/dd>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/dl>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<h2>The Temperature Gap Between Accounting and Taxation<\/h2>\n<p>Since July 2015, the Bank of Indonesia (BI) has mandated that domestic transactions in Indonesia be conducted primarily in rupiah.<br \/>\nHowever, according to an accounting staff member I recently met at a client\u2019s office in Bandung, by applying to BI and obtaining approval, certain transactions with specific partners can exceptionally be conducted in US dollars. They mentioned having visited BI in Jakarta for this application.<br \/>\nThat said, this is considered a gray-area workaround. BI\u2019s fundamental policy remains unchanged, and there are likely restrictions based on the size of the applying company, the transaction partner, or the transaction volume.<br \/>\nOn the taxation side, however, if the Indonesian Tax Office (Kantor Pajak) permits reporting in US dollars, companies must continue dollar-based reporting for five years. For example, a company that began accounting in January 2011 is required to submit dollar-based tax reports until the end of its fifth period in December 2016.<br \/>\nThis means that BI\u2019s push for rupiah-based accounting contrasts with the Tax Office\u2019s policy, creating a temperature gap. The issue here is that even if the accounting system switches to rupiah in January 2016, dollar-based financial statements and tax reports are still required for one year.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/base-currency\/\" class=\"st-cardlink\" aria-label=\"Change of Functional Currency Due to the Rupiahization of Domestic Transactions in Indonesia\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kanren st-cardbox\" >\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<dl class=\"clearfix\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<dt class=\"st-card-img\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-st_thumb150 size-st_thumb150 wp-post-image\" alt=\"\u30b8\u30e3\u30ab\u30eb\u30bf\u306e\u591c\u666f\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/1-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/dt>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<dd>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"st-cardbox-t\">Change of Functional Currency Due to the Rupiahization of Domestic Transactions in Indonesia<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"st-card-excerpt smanone\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When revaluing foreign exchange for receivables and payables at month-end, if the gain or loss compared to the previous month\u2019s assets is significant, the separation method updates the invoice price to the latest valuation amount. If the gain or loss compared to the acquisition cost is significant, the reversal method reverses the valuation to the acquisition cost at the beginning of the following month.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"cardbox-more\">\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u898b\u308b<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/dd>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/dl>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<br \/>\nThe base currency for accounting is called the Functional Currency (Base Currency), while the currency used for tax reporting is known as the Presentation Currency.<\/p>\n<h2>Foreign Exchange Differences in Foreign Currency Transactions<\/h2>\n<p>To fulfill the one-year tax reporting obligation, conversion to the presentation currency is necessary, resulting in three foreign exchange conversion flows within accounting operations: &#8220;Foreign Currency \u2192 Functional Currency \u2192 Presentation Currency.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"graybox\">\n<div class=\"maruno\">\n<ol>\n<li>Foreign Currency to Functional Currency (no difference arises using the transaction rate)<\/li>\n<li>Foreign Exchange Gain\/Loss at Receivables\/Payables Settlement (difference between occurrence rate and settlement date rate)<\/li>\n<li>Foreign Exchange Revaluation (difference arises from converting asset\/liability items at the month-end rate)<\/li>\n<li>Functional Currency to Presentation Currency (difference arises from converting asset\/liability items at the month-end rate)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The foreign exchange gain\/loss from revaluing A\/P (Accounts Payable) debt at the month-end rate is called Unrealized Forex Gain, as it represents a &#8220;latent profit&#8221;\u2014a potential (valuation-based) profit at a given point in time.<br \/>\nIn contrast, the foreign exchange gain\/loss at A\/P settlement is distinguished as Realized Forex Gain. This requires clarity on what causes the confirmed exchange gain\/loss upon settlement or conversion (e.g., dollar conversion), such as which invoice or journal entry it originates from.<br \/>\nHowever, if the transaction rate uses the previous month-end rate as a uniform Flat Rate, the settlement rate is already the prior month-end rate, so no realized gain\/loss occurs.<\/p>\n<h2>Timing of Conversion to Presentation Currency<\/h2>\n<p>The purpose of converting financial statements from a rupiah-based Functional Currency to a dollar-based Presentation Currency is, as mentioned, for tax reporting or preparing Consolidated Financial Statements.<br \/>\nIn systems supporting multiple functional currencies, journal entries are generated in multiple functional currencies with each transaction input. Conversion to the presentation currency occurs via batch processing at month-end (or period-end), using either the Historical Rate, Last Rate (period-end rate), or Average Rate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"graybox\">\n<div class=\"maruno\">\n<ol>\n<li>Multiple Functional Currency System (Transaction Rate)<br \/>\nTransaction Currency (Yen)<br \/>\n\u251c Functional Currency (Rupiah)<br \/>\n\u2514 Functional Currency (Dollar)<\/li>\n<li>Conversion to Presentation Currency in a Single Functional Currency System (Period-End Rate)<br \/>\nTransaction Currency (Yen) \u2192 Functional Currency (Rupiah) \u2192 Presentation Currency (Dollar)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When the conversion rate is the transaction rate, conversion occurs at the journal entry level. However, the settlement exchange gain\/loss or month-end revaluation mentioned above corrects the impact of yen (foreign currency) fluctuations on rupiah, rendering it meaningless for the presentation currency (dollar).<br \/>\nThus, implementing accurate conversion to the presentation currency via month-end batch processing is extremely challenging, distinguishing it from systems supporting multiple functional currencies.<\/p>\n<h2>Key Points for Implementing Accounting Systems in Indonesia<\/h2>\n<h3>Compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)<\/h3>\n<p>Accounting systems used by Japanese companies in Indonesia broadly fall into low-cost local vendor systems, mid-range foreign systems (from the US, Japan, Europe), and high-end systems like SAP (Germany).<br \/>\nWhen implementing accounting systems in Indonesia, compliance with IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) has long been emphasized. Indonesia has encouraged IFRS awareness relatively early, with higher consciousness than Japan regarding revenue\/expense recognition standards, fair value measurement, and fixed asset depreciation methods.<br \/>\nIFRS aims to provide investors and creditors with information necessary for assessing enterprise value.<br \/>\nTo this end, it involves fair value measurement of fixed asset impairments\/revaluations and marketable financial assets, ensuring the Balance Sheet (B\/S) accurately reflects whether the company\u2019s asset condition can generate profits commensurate with its investments.<br \/>\nWhile IFRS-based financial reporting is needed for consolidated financial statements at Japanese headquarters, the Indonesian Tax Office may not align with this, requiring tax reports to follow local standards.<br \/>\nThus, an ideal accounting system should implement a multi-standard ledger function, allowing journal entries to be allocated for both Japanese headquarters and Indonesian local reporting.<\/p>\n<h3>Exchange Rates<\/h3>\n<p>The primary tax consideration when implementing an accounting system in Indonesia is the Value Added Tax (VAT), known locally as PPN (Pajak Pertambahan Nilai).<br \/>\nFor tax calculations involving foreign currency transactions, companies must use the Tax Rate published weekly by the Tax Office (Kantor Pajak). Thus, the accounting system needs to maintain both Transaction Rates and Tax Rates in its exchange rate master, referencing the applicable rate during transaction input.<br \/>\nForeign currency transaction exchange rates can be either the Daily Spot Rate (previous day\u2019s rate) or the Flat Rate (fixed at the previous month-end rate). The former requires a mechanism to automatically generate exchange gain\/loss entries at settlement.<br \/>\nAt month-end, receivables, payables, cash, and deposits carried forward to the next month are revalued at the month-end rate via a Revaluation process in the system.<\/p>\n<h3>Faktur Pajak (Tax Invoice) Issuance Function<\/h3>\n<p>Indonesia adopts an invoice-based system rather than a ledger-based one, calculating tax amounts based on Faktur Pajak (Tax Invoices).<br \/>\nFaktur Pajak must be attached to invoices for tax payments or refund claims, but its format changes periodically, requiring system adjustments each time.<br \/>\nPPN payments or refunds are calculated based on Faktur Pajak, offsetting Output PPN (charged on sales) against Input PPN (charged on purchases). If Output PPN exceeds Input PPN, tax is paid; if Input PPN exceeds Output PPN, a refund is claimed.<br \/>\nSince 2019, Faktur Pajak has been issued via the desktop E-Faktur application, and from 2025, via the online coretax system, eliminating the need for layout adjustments in accounting systems.<\/p>\n<h2>Features of Multi-Currency Accounting Systems<\/h2>\n<p>Corporate transactions are recorded in the Original Currency (transaction currency) for accounting purposes but are converted to the Functional Currency (Base Currency) when posted to the General Ledger (G\/L), retaining both transaction and functional currency amounts in the ledger.<br \/>\nIn Indonesia, only rupiah or dollars are recognized as functional currencies. Transaction inputs are journalized in the transaction currency, converted to the functional currency upon posting, and the P\/L and B\/S are prepared in the functional currency. Tax reports to the Tax Office are also submitted in the functional currency (rupiah or dollar only).<br \/>\nThough termed multi-currency transactions, taxes are naturally paid in rupiah (the national currency). Tax payment amounts for foreign currency transactions are converted to rupiah using the Tax Rate published every Wednesday by the Tax Office (Kantor Pajak).<br \/>\nFor a system to support multi-currency accounting, the following functions are required:<\/p>\n<div class=\"graybox\">\n<div class=\"maruno\">\n<ol>\n<li>Input in transaction currency, retaining both transaction and functional currency amounts in the ledger<\/li>\n<li>Automatically generate exchange gain\/loss entries (realized gain\/loss) at settlement (no realized gain\/loss occurs if the previous month-end rate is used as the transaction rate)<\/li>\n<li>Month-end foreign exchange revaluation function (unrealized gain\/loss recognition)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>If submitting financial statements in both rupiah and yen for Japanese headquarters, a rupiah-based functional currency system must simultaneously generate entries treating non-yen currencies as foreign for yen-based statements.<br \/>\nTo create Trial Balances (T\/B) in both rupiah and dollars, separate ledgers are theoretically needed, but few commercial packages support multiple functional currencies.<br \/>\nHowever, as IFRS compliance becomes more critical, the demand for multiple functional currency support is expected to grow.<br \/>\nWhen offsetting entries to correct foreign currency transaction entries, failing to input the transaction rate can result in a zero balance in the transaction currency but a remaining balance in the functional currency, requiring caution.<br \/>\nTo change the functional currency (e.g., from dollar to rupiah), all past realized exchange gain\/loss entries (difference between occurrence and settlement rates) and unrealized exchange gain\/loss entries (difference between occurrence and month-end rates) for receivables\/payables must be deleted to revert to the acquisition valuation. After clearing at the settlement rate, realized exchange gains\/losses in the new functional currency (rupiah) are recorded.<br \/>\nSince July 2015, the Bank of Indonesia has mandated that domestic cash and non-cash transactions be conducted in rupiah to stabilize exchange rates.<\/p>\n<h2>Exchange Gain\/Loss Processing for Purchases and Settlements<\/h2>\n<p>For a company with a rupiah functional currency purchasing 100 yen (A\/P liability), where the rate at occurrence is 1 yen = Rp.98 and at settlement becomes yen-strong at 1 yen = Rp.100, the entries are as follows:<\/p>\n<div class=\"graybox\">Invoice Arrival (A\/P Occurrence) 1 yen = Rp.98<\/p>\n<div class=\"maruck\">\n<ul>\n<li>(Dr) Purchase \uffe5100<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) A\/P \uffe5100<br \/>\n(\uffe5100 x 98 = Rp.9,800)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"graybox\">Settlement 1 yen = Rp.100 (Yen strengthens, rupiah weakens)<\/p>\n<div class=\"maruck\">\n<ul>\n<li>(Dr) A\/P \uffe5100<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) Bank JPY \uffe5100<br \/>\n(\uffe5100 x 98 = Rp.9,800)<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(\uffe5100 x 100 = Rp.10,000)<\/li>\n<li>(Dr) Forex Loss Rp.200<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>To clear A\/P in both transaction and functional currencies, the rate at purchase is applied at settlement.<br \/>\nHere, the increase from \uffe5100 at occurrence (\uffe5100 x Rp.98 = Rp.9,800) to \uffe5100 at settlement (\uffe5100 x Rp.100 = Rp.10,000)\u2014Rp.200\u2014is recorded as a foreign exchange loss.<br \/>\nIn accounting systems allowing different currency accounts on debit and credit, the transaction currency may not balance, but the functional currency must always balance.<br \/>\nWhen implementing only the ledger module, the system automatically references the current day\u2019s rate from the exchange rate master at settlement.<br \/>\nTo apply the A\/P occurrence rate for clearing and generate an exchange gain\/loss entry based on the difference with the settlement rate, the system needs a function to manually adjust the rate on the debit side of the journal entry screen.<\/p>\n<h2>Exchange Gain\/Loss Processing for Sales and Collections<\/h2>\n<p>Similarly, ensuring balance in the functional currency, exchange gains\/losses are recorded in the functional currency.<br \/>\nFor A\/R (Accounts Receivable) from $1,000 at occurrence ($1,000 x Rp.9,000 = Rp.9,000,000) to $1,000 at collection ($1,000 x Rp.9,200 = Rp.9,200,000), the Rp.200,000 increase is recorded as a foreign exchange gain:<\/p>\n<div class=\"graybox\">Invoice Issuance (A\/R Occurrence) $1 = Rp.9,000<\/p>\n<div class=\"maruck\">\n<ul>\n<li>(Dr) A\/R $1,000<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) Sales $1,000<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"graybox\">Settlement $1 = Rp.9,200 (Dollar strengthens, rupiah weakens)<\/p>\n<div class=\"maruck\">\n<ul>\n<li>(Dr) Bank $1,000<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) A\/R $1,000<br \/>\n($1,000 x 9200 = Rp.9,200,000)<strong>\u3000\u3000<\/strong>($1,000 x 9000 = Rp.9,000,000)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) Forex Gain Rp.200,000<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>A\/R and A\/P Foreign Exchange Revaluation Before Month-End Closing<\/h2>\n<p>When carrying A\/P and A\/R balances forward to the next month, they must be revalued at the month-end rate.<br \/>\nIf the mid-month rate is fixed at the previous month-end rate, A\/R and A\/P balances can be collectively revalued. However, if rates vary by transaction date, revaluation must be calculated against the rate at occurrence.<br \/>\nTo record exchange gain\/loss from revaluation as the difference from the beginning-of-year valuation, B\/S assets in transaction currency are revalued at the month-end rate just before closing, then offset (re-classed) at the start of the next month.<\/p>\n<div class=\"graybox\">Invoice Arrival (Payables Occurrence) 1 yen = Rp.98<\/p>\n<div class=\"maruck\">\n<ul>\n<li>(Dr) A\/P Accrued \uffe5100<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) A\/P (Payables) \uffe5100<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The \uffe5100 at A\/P occurrence (\uffe5100 x Rp.98 = Rp.9,800) corresponds to \uffe5103.2 at the start of the next month (\uffe5103.2 x Rp.95 = Rp.9,800), so the difference in functional currency is processed in transaction currency.<\/p>\n<div class=\"graybox\">Post-Month-End Forex Adjustment 1 yen = Rp.95 (Yen weakens, rupiah strengthens)<\/p>\n<div class=\"maruck\">\n<ul>\n<li>(Dr) Forex Loss \uffe53.2<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) A\/P \uffe53.2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Process of Changing Functional Currency from Dollar to Rupiah<\/h2>\n<p>Since July 2015, domestic transactions have been mandated to be rupiah-based, inevitably shifting accounting to rupiah as well. Among Japanese manufacturers in Indonesia, a trend is emerging to change the functional currency of accounting systems from dollar to rupiah.<br \/>\nIn 2015, beyond this functional currency issue, VAT reporting via Tax Invoices (Faktur Pajak) became fully online with e-Faktur, and contracts for domestic commerce were recommended to be in Indonesian, marking a year of significant business practice changes.<br \/>\nChanging the functional currency requires a cutoff at a specific point (typically the start of the fiscal year) to switch the system\u2019s basic parameters from dollar to rupiah.<\/p>\n<div class=\"graybox\">\n<div class=\"maruno\">\n<ol>\n<li>Prepare a rupiah-based system environment and database<\/li>\n<li>Migrate master data<\/li>\n<li>Investigate impacts on existing forms and vouchers<\/li>\n<li>Prepare opening balances in rupiah (A\/P and A\/R require invoice-level detail for settlement)<\/li>\n<li>Conduct initial closing in rupiah<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The workflow follows the above steps, but the key is aligning the opening balances of A\/R and A\/P accounts and the Trial Balance (T\/B) in rupiah.<br \/>\nAdjustments like Debit Notes or Credit Notes for A\/R and A\/P are manageable, but processes impacting only the G\/L, such as exchange or tax adjustments, can disrupt balance alignment.<\/p>\n<h2>Foreign Currency Revaluation<\/h2>\n<p>Foreign currency revaluation applies to A\/R and A\/P, as well as other current assets and liabilities. Changing the functional currency naturally swaps dollar and rupiah as the currencies subject to revaluation.<br \/>\nCross-currencies like yen, Singapore dollar, and Thai baht relative to rupiah remain subject to conversion, but the base becomes rupiah.<br \/>\nFor accounting transaction rates, the Bank of Indonesia\u2019s middle rate (TTM) is commonly used for all buying and selling transactions. While Tokyo Mitsubishi\u2019s (BOTM) TTM could be used, it\u2019s a commercial bank rate, making BI\u2019s rate safer.<br \/>\nSystems can differentiate between TTS (bank\u2019s selling rate) for purchases and TTB (bank\u2019s buying rate) for sales, but this can cause management issues if same-day buying and selling in foreign currency differ in functional currency.<br \/>\nSome companies use the previous month-end rate as a flat rate for the month\u2019s transactions, avoiding realized exchange gains\/losses at settlement but potentially incurring unrealized gains\/losses during month-end revaluation.<br \/>\nIn this case, the exchange rate master\u2019s transaction rate retains the previous month-end rate at month-end, requiring a separate Revaluation rate alongside Transaction and Tax rates.<\/p>\n<h2>Separation Method vs. Reversal Method<\/h2>\n<p>Foreign currency revaluation methods include the Separation Method (separating acquisition cost) and the Reversal Method (maintaining acquisition cost).<br \/>\nIn the Separation Method, the P\/L reflects the gain\/loss compared to the previous month-end, adjusting the B\/S valuation monthly. In the Reversal Method, month-end revaluation entries are reversed at the start of the next month, resetting them, so the P\/L reflects the gain\/loss compared to the acquisition date, adjusting the B\/S valuation monthly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"graybox\">Separation Method (Difference between Previous Month-End and Current Month-End Rates)<\/p>\n<div class=\"maruck\">\n<ul>\n<li>(Dr) Unrealized Forex Loss 30<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) A\/R 30<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"graybox\">Reversal Method (Difference between Acquisition Date and Current Month-End Rates)<\/p>\n<div class=\"maruck\">\n<ul>\n<li>Month-End<br \/>\n(Dr) Unrealized Forex Loss 35<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) A\/R 35<\/li>\n<li>Next Month Start (Reversal)<br \/>\n(Dr) A\/R 35<strong>\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/strong>(Cr) Unrealized Forex Loss 35<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When revaluing foreign exchange for receivables and payables at month-end, if the gain or loss compared to the previous month\u2019s assets is significant, the separation method updates the invoice price to the latest valuation amount. If the gain or loss compared to the acquisition cost is significant, the reversal method reverses the valuation to the acquisition cost at the beginning of the following month.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":81205,"parent":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[683],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-indonesia-accounting-tax-rule"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57134"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57134\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bahtera.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}